Pentagon Presents: 65th Contemporary Art & Sculpture Exhibition 2026
February 28, 2026
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Mural paintings are large-scale artworks painted or applied directly on walls, ceilings, or other permanent surfaces. They represent one of the oldest forms of artistic expression and serve not only as decoration but also as a means to convey religious, cultural, and historical narratives. In India, mural art has a long and rich tradition that spans thousands of years and reflects the country’s diverse heritage and spiritual ethos.
The history of Indian mural paintings dates back to prehistoric times, as evident in the rock shelters of Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh. However, it was during the ancient and medieval periods that murals began to flourish as a sophisticated art form. Buddhist monasteries, Hindu temples, and Jain shrines became prominent centers for mural art. These paintings often depicted deities, myths, daily life, and nature in vibrant colors and intricate designs.
One of the most celebrated sites for ancient mural paintings is the Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra. These caves, dating from the 2nd century BCE to about the 6th century CE, are adorned with exquisite Buddhist murals. They portray scenes from the Jataka tales, which narrate the previous lives of the Buddha, and are noted for their fluid lines, naturalistic expressions, and graceful figures.
Nearby, the Ellora Caves also feature significant mural art. Unlike Ajanta, Ellora is known for its religious diversity, with caves dedicated to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. The paintings here reflect themes from all three religions and exhibit a more robust and stylized aesthetic.
In Tamil Nadu, the Sittanavasal Cave is another important site. This 7th-century Jain rock-cut cave features frescoes on ceilings and pillars. These paintings depict lotus ponds, fish, birds, and celestial beings, all rendered in a harmonious and symbolic style.
The Bagh Caves in Madhya Pradesh, although less preserved, offer a glimpse into ancient mural traditions that resemble those of Ajanta. They mostly focus on Buddhist themes and were executed using tempera, a technique of mixing pigments with a binding agent.
Indian mural paintings predominantly focus on religious and mythological themes. Hindu gods and goddesses, Buddhist stories, and Jain teachings are recurring subjects. Artists used natural pigments derived from minerals, plants, and clay. Techniques varied by region, but commonly included fresco (painting on wet plaster) and tempera (on dry surfaces).
Different regions developed their own mural traditions. Kerala, for example, has a distinct style of mural painting characterized by bright colors, elaborate costumes, and expressive faces. These paintings are found in temples such as Guruvayur and Padmanabhapuram Palace.
In recent decades, efforts have been made to preserve and revive mural painting. Artists and cultural organizations are working to restore ancient murals and promote traditional techniques. These paintings continue to inspire contemporary art and serve as a bridge between India’s rich past and dynamic present.
